法律翻译知识立法文件的特定词语及翻译
在立法文件中，有一些特定的词语经常被使用，进行形成了一些规定的语法结构。熟悉和把握这些特定的词语的使用方法及翻译翻译，对于提髙立法文件的翻译水平大有裨益。
(一)subject to
在法律条文中，“subject to”短语经常得到使用，以上文中提到的《1980年联合国国际货物销售合同公约》为例，该公约中“subject to”总共出现了10次。“subject”可以翻译成“根据……”，“在……的条件下须受……限制/规限”，“须经……”等。
例 1 ： Declarations made under this Convention at the time of signature are subject to confirmation upon ratification，acceptance or approval.(依本公约规定在签字时做出的声 明,须经批准、接受或核准等方式加以确认。）
例 2:Subject to its memorandum and articles, a company may make application to the Registrar in the approved form to change its name or its foreign character name.(依公司组织大纲或公司章程，公司向登记官递交审批表申请改变公司名称或公司外文名称。）
例 3: A contract of sale need not be concluded in or evidenced by writing and is not subject to any other requirement as to form. It may be proved by any means，including witnesses.(销售合同无须以书面形式订立或以书面形式证明，在形式方面也不受任何其他条件的限制。销售合同可用包括人证在内的任何方法来证明。）
例 4: LICENCE is granted to Name of Company of Address to operate as a security company for supplying individuals to perform security work type(s) ：____ for a period of ____ year(s) from____to___ inclusive, provided that during the above period all prescribed fees are paid as prescribed, and subject to the provisions of the Security and Guarding Services Ordinance (Cap 460), and to those conditions specified over-leaf. [兹向（公司名称)地址为(地址)签发牌照，准许该公司以保安公司形式营办并提供人员执行下列类别的保安工作牌照有效期为_____年，由____至_____，首尾两天包括在内,但在上述期间内所有订明的费用须按订明的规定予以缴付，并须受《保安及护卫 服务条例》(第460章)的条文及背页所指明的条件所规限。] 汉语法律条文中的“根据……须经……”一般也可以翻译为“subject to”，例如：例1:投保人变更受益人时须经被保险人同意。（The applicant may change the beneficiary subject to the consent of the insured )
例2:用工单位应当根据工作岗位的实际需要与劳务派遣单位确定派遣期限，不得将连续用工期限分割订立数个短期劳务派遣协议。（The labor service unit shall confirm the time limit of dispatch with the labor dispatch unit subject to the actual need of the position，and shall not conclude several short term labor dispatch agreements by dividing a consecutive labor service period.)
例3:犯罪嫌疑人会获得免费供应足够的食物和茶点。除属基本需要的衣物外，不得接受从外间送来的任何其它东西。但如其提出要求，则可获准自费得到外间送来的食物，但这些食物须经过检査。（Adequate food and refreshment will be supplied free to a suspect A suspect is not entitled to receive from outside anything except the basic necessities of clothing. However he or she may, if requesting，be permitted at your own expense to have food from outside to be brought to you subject to inspection.)
例4:第十六条加人、退出和恢复中国国籍的申请，由中华人民共和国公安部审批。经批准的，由公安部发给证书。（中华人民共和国国籍法）（Article 16 Applications for naturalization as Chinese nationals and for renunciation or restoration of Chinese nationality are subject to examination and approval by the Ministry of Public Security of the People’s Republic of China. The Ministry of Public Security shall issue a certificate to any person whose application has been approved Nationality Law of the Peoples Republic of China)
(二）where引导的条件状语从句
在普通英语中where—般引导地点状语从句，在法律英语中，where可以引导原因状语从句。一般可用“凡……”、“……的”或“如(果)……”等来翻译，例如：
例 1； Where under a contract of sale the transfer of the property in the goods is to take place at a future time or subject to some condition later to be fulfilled，the contract is called an agreement to sell.(买卖合同的货物所有权转移在将来的某个时间发生、或在以后须附有某种条件才可以完成的，称为出售协定。）
例 2： Where the name of a company is changed under section 21 or 22，the amendment of the company’s memorandum to state the new name has effect on the date of the change of name certificate.(公司依第21或22条变更公司名称的，声明新名称的公司组织大纲修订案在公司名称证书更换之日生效。）
汉语法律条文中以“……的”表达“如果”的句子，也可翻译为where引导的条件状语从句。例如：
例1:用人单位与劳动者在用工前订立劳动合同的，劳动关系自用工之日起建立。(Where the employing unit and laborers conclude labor contracts before the use of labor services, the labor relationships shall be established from the date of use of labor services.)
例2:进口产品的补贴金额，应当区别不同情况，按照下列方式计算
以无偿拨款形式提供补贴的，补贴金额以企业实际接受的金额计算；
以贷款形式提供补贴的,补贴金额以接受贷款的企业在正常商业贷款条件下应支 付的利息与该项贷款的利息差额计算;
(The total value of a subsidy for imported products shall be calculated using the fol-lowing methods according to the circumstances of the case：
1.Where the subsidy is granted in the form of a gratuitous allocation of money, the total value of the subsidy shall be calculated on the basis of the total amount actually received by the enterprises concerned ；
2.Where the subsidy is granted in the form of a loan，the total value of the subsidy shall be calculated on the basis of the balance between the amount of interest that would be payable by the enterprise for a loan granted on normal commercial terms and the amount of interest to be paid for the loan actually granted；)
(三）provided that
“provided that”是法律英语中的常见短语，主要有两种用法。第一，当“provided that” 放在句首时，可以翻译成“如果……，在……前提下”，类似于if或者when引导的条件状语从句。如果“provided that”之前有一个主句，该短语一般翻译为“但，但是”。例如：
例1 ：Provided that no unreasonable delay or hindrance is caused to the processes of investigation or the administration of justice, a person detained may communicate and consult with a legal adviser.(在不会进行调查或对执法构成不合理延迟或阻碍的前提下，被羁留者可与一名法律顾问通讯和商议。）
例 2: A party who is bound to take steps to preserve the goods may deposit them in a warehouse of a third person at the expense of the other party provided that the expense incurred is not unreasonable.(有义务采取措施以保全货物的一^方当事人，可以把货物寄放在 第三方的仓库，由另一方当事人担负费用，但该项费用必须合理。）
例 3:In exceptional circumstances，the Ministerial Conference may decide to waive an obligation imposed on a Member by this Agreement or any of the Multilateral Trade Agreements provided that any such decision shall be taken by three fourths of the Members unless otherwise provided for in this paragraph.(在特殊情况下，部长级会议可作出决定， 豁免成员根据本协定或任何多边贸易协定所规定承担的义务，但任何这种豁免决定应由全 体成员的四分之三人作出，除非本款另有规定。）
汉语法律条文中的“但书”条款，也可以翻译为“provided that".例如：
例1:反补贴调查，应当自立案调査决定公告之日起12个月内结束;特殊情况下可以延长，但延长期不得超过6个月。（An investigation into Anti-subsidy trade measures shall be completed within 12 months of the date on which the decision to initiate the investigation is announced；under special circumstances，the time limit may be extended, provided that no extension shall exceed 6 months.)
例2:商务部应当允许申请人和利害关系方查阅本案有关资料;但是，属于按保密资料 处理的除夕卜。（Ministry of Commerce should allow the applicants and interested parties to look up the information relating to the investigation, provided that the information is confidential ones.)
(四)without prejudice to
在立法文件中，“without prejudice to”一般翻译为“在不损害……的原则下在不影 响……的情况下”，或者直接翻译为“不妨害”，“不影响”。例如：
例 l:If a party fails to pay the price or any other sum that is in arrears, the other party is entitled to interest on it, without prejudice to any claim for damages recoverable under article 74.(如果一方当事人没有支付价款或任何其它拖欠金额，另一方当事人有权对这些款额收取利息，但不妨碍其按照第七十四条规定主张可以取得损害赔偿。）
例 2： Where the seller expressly reserves the right of re-sale in case the buyer should make default, and on the buyer making default re-sells the goods，the original contract of sale is rescinded bat without prejudice to any claim the seller may have for damages.（卖方如果在买方未能履行法律义务情形下明示保留再出售权，而未能履行法律义务的买方将 货物再出售时,原始的买卖合同解除，怛不影响卖方可能对买方提起的损害赔偿之诉。）
for the purpose of
for the purpose of”可以翻译为“为了……目的”，“为实施X X条”，“就……而言”、“本 法/条例所称……”。例如：
For the purposes of this Act, goods are of satisfactory quality if they meet the standard that a reasonable person would regard as satisfactory； taking account of any description of the goods，the price (if relevant) and all the other relevant circumstances.（就本法而言,如果货物的任何说明、价格(若相关）以及其他相关情况能达到让理性人满意的标准，则它就是令人满意品质的货物。）在汉语法律文件中，一般都会在第一条中明确立法目的，可以使用“For the purposes of”来表达其中的“为了……”部分，例如:
例1:为了扩大对外开放，发展对外贸易，维护对外贸易秩序，保护对外贸易经营者的合法权益，促进社会主义市场经济的健康发展，制定本法。(This Law is promulgated for the purposes of enhancing the opening-up to the outside world，developing foreign trade，maintaining order in foreign trade activities and promoting a healthy development of socialist market economy.)
例2:为了规范公司的组织和行为，保护公司、股东和债权人的合法权益，维护社会经济秩序，促进社会主义市场经济的发展，制定本法。(This Law is enacted for the purposes of regulating the organization and operation of companies, protecting the legitimate rights and interests of companies，shareholders and creditors，maintaining the socialist economic order, and promoting the development of the socialist market economy.)
例3:为了完善律师制度,规范律师执业行为，保障律师依法执业，发挥律师在社会主义法制建设中的作用，制定本法。(This Law is enacted for the purposes of improving lawyer system，standardizing the practicing behavior of lawyers，ensuring practice of lawyers in accord-ance with law and exerting the functions of lawyers in building a socialist legal system.)
例4:本条例所称的发明创造是指发明、实用新型和外观设计。（For the purpose of this law, “invention-creatic)n” means inventions，utility models and designs.)
