3.故意侵权行为

故意侵权包括很多类型，其中一种是指(被告不当）占有或使用土地或侵害动产的行为。任何如未经占有者同意进人其领地、拿走他人书籍、帽子或者画等直接妨碍行为都是可诉的。也有其他几种不涉及土地的故意侵权行为。例如，非法监禁，即非法逮捕并拘押某人的侵权行为，诽镑(一些司法管辖区将其分为文字诽镑和口头诽谤），即被告传递不实信息并因此损害了原告的声誉。

3，Intentionaltorts

Intentional torts include, among others, certain tortsarising from the occupation/ use of land and trespass to chattels. Any directinterference, such as entering land without the occupier’s consent ordispossessing him of a book, a hat, or a picture is actionable. Severalintentional torts do not  involve land.Examples include false imprisonment, the tort of unlawfully arresting ordetaining someone, and defamation(in some jurisdictions split into libel andslander),where false information is broadcasted and damages the plaintiff’sreputation.

4.准侵权行为

准侵权行为指由非直接行为人担责任的侵权行为。在准侵权行为中实际上未实施侵权行为的人承担责任，例如，主人按照替代责任的原则对仆人的行为需承担责任。

4，Quasi-torts

Quasi-tort means a tort for which a nonperpetrator isheld liable. In a quasi tort, a person who did not actually commit a wrong isheld liable. For instance, a master will be held liable for a tort committed bya servant under the principle of vicarious liability.

5.侵权责任

侵权责任通常分为故意侵权责任、过失侵权责任和严格责任等三种：严格责任，不论当事人是否有过错，他们都要为自己的行为或产品造成的损害负责。举证责任倒置是过失侵权与严格责任间的一个重要区别。下列情形适用严格责任(不限于以下几种情形）：

5，TortLiability

Tort liability is customarily divided into intentionaltort liability, negligence liability and strict liability. Strict liabilitymakes some persons responsible for damages their actions or products cause,regardless of any “fault”on their part. Strict liability mainly includes butnot restricted to the following situations:

高度危险行为:人们从事的极端危险活动(如炸坝、打油井、测试火箭发动机或是爆破建筑物等)适用严格责任。 原告被这些行为伤害的，不论行为人有多么小心谨慎，都要为该类伤害承担责任。

Abnormally Dangerous ( ultrahazardous) Activities. Strict liability often applies whenpeople engage in inherently hazardous activities, such as bursting dams,”blow-out”oilwells, testing rocket motors, or blasting on a construction site. If aplaintiff is injured by these activities-no matter how careful the doer was-he/sheis liable for the injury.

产品责任:严格责任也适用于某些工业产品案件之中。依严格产品责任，只要缺陷产品对他人造成损害，该产品生产流通过程中的参与者(从生产商、批发商到零售商，或者他们全体)都可被要求承担责任。受害人不必证明有过失存在，只须证明产品有缺陷。

Products Liability Strict liability also may apple in the case ofcertain manufactured products. In strict product liability, typically anyonewho is engaged in the stream of the product(from the manufacturer to thewholesaler to the retailer, or all of them) can be held responsible if theproduct was defective and someone was injured. There is no need to prove negligencebut the injured party must prove that the product was defective.

广州乐传翻译公司--法律翻译、合同翻译专家。